Figured Bass (Basso Continuo)

Baroque Shorthand Notation

Figured bass is the historical notation system used during the Baroque era to dictate harmony above a bassline. Numbers written below bass notes indicate which upper intervals keyboard or lute players should realize vertically.

Step-by-Step: Interpreting the Figures

Time to build the chords yourself! Observe the figures written below the bass note and calculate the correct intervals. Empty figures mean root position (3rd & 5th). A '6' represents first inversion (3rd & 6th). A '6/4' represents second inversion (4th & 6th).

Step-by-Step: 4-Part SATB Realization

In 4-part SATB harmonization, we distribute triad tones across Soprano, Alto, Tenor, and Bass. To double chord members correctly: - Root Position (5/3): Always double the Root. - First Inversion (6): Double either the Root or the Fifth (avoid doubling the Third/bass note in major chords). - Second Inversion (6/4): Always double the Fifth (the bass note). Also, ensure that adjacent upper voices (Soprano-Alto and Alto-Tenor) do not exceed an octave spacing.

Common Figures & Realizations Summary

Here is a complete summary of the common shorthand figures used in Baroque figured bass, their harmonic meanings, and all possible interval realizations in multi-part textures. Use the explorer to see how intervals are stacked for each inversion.

The Baroque Art of Basso Continuo

Figured bass is the master code of Baroque harmony—an elegant shorthand system that pairs rigorous structural clarity with creative improvisational freedom.

SATB Rules to remember: • 5/3 (Root Position): Double the Root. • 6 (1st Inversion): Double the Root or the Fifth (avoid doubling the third in major chords). • 6/4 (2nd Inversion): Double the Fifth (the bass). • Spacing: Max one octave between Soprano-Alto and Alto-Tenor.