Roman Numeral Analysis
Learn the universal system for labeling harmonic functions regardless of key signature.
1. Major Scale Roman Numerals
In a Major Scale, triads built on each scale degree follow a fixed pattern of qualities. Uppercase Roman numerals denote major chords, while lowercase denote minor. A small circle (° ) indicates a diminished chord.
2. Natural Minor Scale Roman Numerals
In a Natural Minor Scale, the triad qualities change to reflect the minor scale degree intervals. Note that the dominant chord (v) is minor and the leading tone chord (VII) is major.
3. Harmonic Minor Scale Roman Numerals
To create a strong pull to the tonic, the Harmonic Minor Scale raises the 7th scale degree (creating a leading tone). Raising the 7th gives us a major dominant chord (V) and a diminished leading tone chord (vii°), which are essential for classical cadence resolutions.
4. Melodic Minor Scale Roman Numerals
The Melodic Minor Scale raises both the 6th and 7th scale degrees to smooth out the augmented second interval of harmonic minor. This scale combines a major subdominant (IV) and dominant (V), giving it a bright, hybrid minor-major feel.
The Universal Language of Tonal Architecture
Roman numerals abstract harmony away from specific key signatures, empowering composers to decode the underlying architectural blueprint and functional relationships of any piece of music.